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“INS ARIHANT” INDIA’s First Nuclear Submarine

India launched its first nuclear-powered submarine in a ceremony in southern port city of Vishakhapatnam 0n 26 July 2009, becoming one of just six nations in the world to have successfully built one. The 367-foot long INS Arihant, which means “Destroyer of the Enemies” in Hindi according to the official news release. The name Arihant has its origins in the Jain religion, and unofficial news reports stating “Destroyer of Enemies” omitting the definite article. India became the sixth country in the world to have built one. Besides the US, which has 74 nuclear submarines, Russia (45), UK (13), France (10) and China (10) also possess nuclear-powered submarines – the US has nearly as many nuclear submarines as all other countries combined.

India is a nation that struggled to enter the select group of countries that build nuclear powered submarines. Its program ATV, or Advanced Technology Vessel, was initiated in 1974. But after three decades it had not presented results that could modify the current picture of the navies with nuclear propulsion.

The INS Arihant, India’s first nuclear submarine that was till now known by the code name S 2, was launched at a simple ceremony in the port town of Visakhapatnam [Vizac] with the traditional breaking of a coconut on its hull by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s wife, Gursharan Kaur. It was expected to be ready for induction into the Navy by 2011 after a series of exhaustive trials.

The launch ceremony was attended by the prime Minister. Dr. Manmohan Singh, accompanied by Smt. Gursharan Kaur, Raksha Mantri Shri.AK Antony, Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh Dr. YS Rajasekhar Reddy, Raksha Rajya Mantri Shri MM Pallam Raju, Minister of State for Human Resource Development, Smt. D Purandareswari, Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Sureesh Mehta and high ranking officials from the Navy, Department of Atomic Energy, and Defence Research and Development Organisation.

FREE SEMINARS AND TECHNICAL PPT PRESENTATIONS

On this occasion, the Prime Minister congratulated the Director General of the ATV (Advanced Technology vehicle) Program Vice Admiral DSP Verma (Retd) and all personnel associated with it for achieving this historic milestone in the country’s defence preparedness. He noted that they had overcome several hurdles and barriers to enable the country to acquire self reliance in the most advanced areas of defence technology. The Prime Minister made a special mention of the cooperation extended by Russia. The Prime Minister stated that the Government is fully committed to ensuring the Defence of our national interests and the protection of our territorial integrity. The Government would render all support to the constant modernization of our defence forces and to ensuring that they remain at the cutting edge of technology.

The project director, Vice Admiral (retd) D S P Verma, said that the Arihant is a 6,000-tonne submarine with a length of 110 meters and a breadth of 11 meters. The length is about 10 percent longer than previously published estimates, while the 11 meter beam is much less than the 15 meters of previous un-offcial estimates. Experts say the vessel will be able to carry 12 K 15 submarine launched ballistic missiles that have a range of over 700 km. The Indian nuclear powered attack submarine design was said in some reports to have a 4,000-ton displacement and a single-shaft nuclear power plant of Indian origin. By other accounts it would be 9,400 tons displacement when submerged and 124 meters long.

The MoD/PMO decided not to release any photographs of the submarine, and no filming or photography by the media was permitted inside the Matsya Dock. One report stated that the submarine was visibly based on the Russian Borei-class SSBN, and claimed that the official invitation had a silhouette of the submarine indicating that it’s almost definitely based on the Borei. But the 935 Borei has a length of 170 meters (580 feet), a beam of 13 meters (42 feet), and a displacement of 11,750-12,250 tons Surfaced and 17,000 tons Submerged.

India has been working actively since 1985 to develop an indigenously constructed nuclear-powered submarine, one that was possibly based on elements of the Soviet Charlie II-class design, detailed drawings of which are said to have been obtained from the Soviet Union in 1989. This project illustrates India’s industrial capabilities and weaknesses. The secretive Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project to provide nuclear propulsion for Indian submarines has been one of the more ill-managed projects of India.With the participation of involved Russian scientists and technician in the diverse phases of the program, came the possibility of that the first Indian submarine with nuclear propulsion can be operational in 2009, having been launched in 2006-2007.

Although India has the capability of building the hull and developing or acquiring the necessary sensors, its industry had been stymied by several system integration and fabrication problems in trying to downsize a 190 MW pressurized water reactor (PWR) to fit into the space available within the submarine’s hull. The Proto-type Testing Centre (PTC) at the Indira Gandhi Centre For Atomic Research. Kalpakkam, was used to test the submarine’s turbines and propellers. A similar facility is operational at Vishakapatnam to test the main turbines and gear box.

In 1998, L&T began fabricating the hull of ATV but the struggle with the reactor continued. After BARC designs failed, India bought reactor designs from Russia. By 2004 the reactor had been built, tested on land at the IGCAR and had gone critical. Its modest size, around 6,000 tons (the Ohio class SSBN in the movie Crimson Tide weighs over 14,000 tons), led experts to call it a “baby boomer”.

India had ample experience building Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) using natural un-enriched uranium as fuel, and heavy water as moderator and coolant. But this was the first time that India has built a PWR that used enriched uranium as fuel, and light water as both coolant and moderator. The electrical power reactors that India would be importing (potentially from Russia, France, and the US) would also be PWRs with enriched uranium as fuel, and light water as both coolant and moderator. Naval nuclear reactors typically use uranium that is enriched to much higher levels than is the case with shore-based power reactors.

While the present project reportedly ends at three units, defence officials have not ruled out building larger submarines on the basis of national strategic imperatives. These have changed since the conception of the project. By the time the first unit was launched in July 2009, the construction of the hull for the next one was reportedly already underway at the Larson and Toubro (L&T) facility at Hazira where the first hull was built. The cost of the three submarines was reported at over Rs3,000 crore, over US$600,000,000 [the Indian numbering system is denominated in Crore 1,00,00,000 and Lakhs 1,00,000, so Rs3,000 crore is Rs30,000,000,000, or US$623,104,807.77 the day INS Arihant was launched]. Another report said that the first submarine alone had cost Rs. 14,000 Crore [$US2.9 billion]. In April 2006, the larger American Virginia-class subs were priced at $2.4 billion apiece, at which time the goal was to cut the program’s cost to about $2 billion per sub. The $2 billion figure is a baseline expressed in fiscal 2005 dollars. As of late 2008 the Procurement Cost for the first three units of the British Astute class SSN was forecast at £3,806 M (outturn prices) [US$6,275 B at 2009 conversion rates], for a unit cost of about US$2.1 billion.

The three submarines would be based at a facility being developed at Rambilli close to Vishakpatnam, where hundreds of acres of land had already been acquired. The Indian Navy hoped to commission the base by 2011 in time for INS Arihant’s commissioning, and two of these submarines would be at sea at any given time while the third would be in maintenance at the base. Other reports claim that India plans to build a fleet of five nuclear-powered submarines. On report in 2009 stated that the government had given clearance for the construction of much bigger SSBNs, nuclear-powered submarines capable of launching ballistic missiles, each of them costing about $2 billion (approximately Rs 10,000 crore each). This would take off once the three Arihant class submarines were ready.

By 2004 it was reported that the first ATV would be launched by 2007. At that time it was reported that it would be an SSGN and displacing some 6,500 tons, with a design derivative of Russia’s Project 885 Severodvinsk-class (Yasen) SSN. The ATV multirole platform would be employed for carrying out long-distance interdiction and surveillance of both submerged targets as well as principal surface combatants. It would also facilitate Special Forces operations by covertly landing such forces ashore. The ATV pressure hull will be fabricated with the HY-80 steel obtained from Russia.

This would have the possibility of multiple performance: it could use missiles of cruise of average reach (1,000 km), ballistic missiles of short reach (300 km), torpedoes and mines, besides participating of operations special.

The ATV is said to be a modified Akula-I class submarine. The Russian Akula-2 and Yasen are also modified Akula-1. By this line of reasoning the ATV would be in league of Yasen, so the ATV would be 6500 tons light, 8500 tons armed and surfaced and 10000 tons submerged. It would be the biggest and heaviest combat naval vessel built in India to date.

The 100-member crew, which will man the submarine, was trained at an indigenously-developed simulator in the School for Advanced Underwater Warfare (SAUW) at the naval base in Vizag. Hands-on training will be done on the INS Chakra, a 12,000-tonne Akula-II class nuclear-powered attack submarine being taken on a 10-year lease from Russia. SBC in Vizag is to become the assembly line for three ATVs, costing a little over Rs 3,000 crore each or the cost of a 37,000 ton indigenous aircraft carrier built at the Cochin Shipyard. Larsen and Toubro (L&T) has begun building the hull of the second ATV at its facility in Hazira, to be inducted into the navy by 2012.

As of 2007 the first of the five long-delayed ATVs was scheduled to be fully-ready by 2010 or so. In August 2008 it was reported that on January 26, 2009, the sluice gates of an enclosed dry-dock in Visakhapatnam were to be opened and the world was to take its first look at India’s first nuclear-powered submarine, the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV), as it entered the waters.

In February 2009 defence minister A K Antony confirmed that India’s nuclear-powered submarine is in the final stages. “The Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project is in the final stage. We had some problems with the raw material in the initial phase. But now the project is in its final stage,” he said at the ongoing Aero-India show. This was a rare admission by the defence minister – not only on the existence of the secretive project to build an indigenous nuclear submarine, but also on its developmental status. The submarine, modelled on the Russian Charlie class submarine, is slated for a sea trial in 2009. Officials in the navy and atomic energy department are hopeful of meeting the deadline this time. In the long run, the government plans to buy three nuclear submarines to provide the navy with capability to stay underwater for a very long time. Though defence and nuclear sccientists have been working on this project since 1985, they had initial setbacks with the material and miniaturisation of the nuclear reactor whih will be fitted into the submarine’s hull.

“Do Bussiness with Style” cool new templates for Microsoft office 2007

Are u get bored using traditional old Microsoft office environment ,then here is something new. Microsoft Small Business is now giving out some cool free designer templates for Office 2007 for Windows, and Office 2008 for Mac. The best is that they comes in 9 colour schemes. These six templates contain a spreadsheet, presentation, invoice, letterhead, business card and newsletter blast templates.U can also get a 60 days free trial of Microsoft Office if you don’t have it. just click the link

Microsoft Office 2007 free templates

Don’t forget that , these templates will only work if you have the Office (2007 for Windows and 2008 for Mac) because the templates are in the new formats (.docx, .xlsx etc.). These templates are zip files and you can download them directly. No verification required.

List of Approved Post Graduate Education and Research institutions for M Tech & M E

Here is a link having information of seats of M Tech and M E in various colleges in India , although the document is little bit older but will be very helpful for basic idea of available courses and information about seats. click the link bellow to download the document.

List of Approved Post Graduate Education and Research institutions Upto 30th September, 2004 (M.E/M.Tech)

Save Energy Go green


Not with envy, but kindness to the environment, and alertness to your electricity bills
You leave your PC on all day. But you care for the environment, so you switch off the monitor. Good move, but did you know you are still wasting about 45 Watts with the CPU running?
That’s what Tufts University’s Climate Initiative says. And it also says that if you leave your PC on for the entire day, 850-1500 pounds of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere a year. And this means that you need 60-300 trees to absorb that much CO2 in a year.
That does get you thinking doesn’t it! Now, all that noise about climate change because of our insensitivity to the environment starts to make sense. We cut down trees, we waste electricity, we replace cellphones and gadgets with the latest ones, without bothering about what really happens to the old ones. While there could be debates on how much all this really impacts our environment, most of us know intuitively that what we are doing mindlessly is really not right, and is likely to have negative repercussions.
That is why the world over, the word Green is becoming red hot. Green computing is in. This means that you start to use computing resources efficiently. It’s not just about being good to Mother Nature, but also being able to save a lot of money being spent on electricity. For companies that have thousands and thousands of computers running, datacenters keeping their businesses up and running, all this can add to a huge fortune. In fact, going green is now gaining so much momentum that those companies which do not have green computing initiatives are seen as enemies of the environment.
So how does it matter to you? You might have one PC and a laptop at home, in addition to the multiple electronic devices you run. And you might even be considering another PC for the little one. Think if you really need all those PCs. Buy only if you have to. While buying, remember that laptops consume less power, so it could be wiser to go the portable way. Or if you need to look at a PC, opt for monitors that consume less power. LCD monitors need much less power than CRT ones. Look for Energy Star ratings and save energy.
Explore the power saving options of your PC and customize them to suit the way you work. If you often go away from your PC for a long time, you can set the monitor and hard disk to be switched off after a few minutes of no-activity.
To dispose old PCs and gadgets, get in touch with NGOs working in this area and figure out the best way to do so. Or if you own a branded PC or gadget, get in touch with the company and ask how this e-waste can be managed. Most computer vendors and cellphone makers have Green initiatives on, so you might get some help.
These are still early days for green initiatives for companies in India. But if you and I make a start, the rest will fall in place.

Chandrayaan-II to be in orbit by 2011-12

 COIMBATORE: Even as India’s maiden lunar probe circles the moon, the Centre has given its approval for Chandrayaan-II and it would be in orbit by 2012. 
ISRO has started necessary research workfor the next mission for which the Centre has sanctioned necessary funds, Chandrayaan-I Project Director Mylswamy Annadurai told reporters. The second mission would be a fully indigenous one, he said.  

Chandrayan-I is the best thing to happen to Indian space research and is designed to study the water availability and fertile standards of moon, he said.

The moon mission has proved that India is on par with any other nation which ventured to the earth’s satellite, he said.

Stating that the pictures being received from moon were giving very valuable inputs, he said steps are being made to get continuous pictures by making some technical corrections.

Earlier, the Scientist was felicitated by the public at different places in Coimbatore district for the successful launch of the country’s moon mission.

Accepting the felicitations, Annadurai exhorted the students to shelve their foreign dreams as opportunities were available within India.

The days of foreign students coming to India in pursuit of research works and higher studies were not far away, he said. 

source:www.indiatimes.com

Chandrayaan-I Impact Probe lands on moon

BANGALORE: India marked its presence on Moon on Friday night to be only the fourth nation to scale this historic milestone after a Moon Impact 

Probe with the national tri-colour painted successfully landed on the lunar surface after being detached from unmanned spacecraft Chandrayaan-1. ( Watch 

Joining the US, the erstwhile Soviet Union and the European Union, the 35-kg Moon Impact Probe (MIP) hit the moon exactly at 8.31 PM, about 25 minutes after the probe instrument descended from the satellite in what ISRO described as a “perfect operation”. 

 

Miniature Indian flags painted on four sides of the MIP signalled the country’s symbolic entry into moon to coincide with the birth anniversary of the country’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, observed as Children’s Day. 

 

“It will signify the entry of India on Moon,” an ISRO official said. 
The MIP is one of the 11 scientific instruments (payloads) onboard Chandrayaan-1, India’s first unmanned spacecraft mission to Moon launched on October 22 from Sriharikota spaceport. 
Developed by ISRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre of Thiruvananthapuram, the primary objective of MIP is to demonstrate the technologies required for landing a probe at the desired location on the moon. 
The probe will help qualify some of the technologies related to future soft landing missions. This apart, scientific exploration of the moon at close distance is also intended using MIP. 
During its 20-minute descent to the moon’s surface, MIP took pictures and transmitted them back to the ground. The first pictures are expected to be made public on Saturday. 
ISRO officials said Chandrayaan-1 detached the Moon Impact Probe as planned. 
US was the first country whose flag adorned the moon and the success of the MIP landing on the earth’s natural satellite is the first hardlanding on the moon in 32 years.
The spacecraft on Friday reached its final orbital home, about 100 kms over the moon surface after ISRO scientists successfully carried out the last critical orbit lowering operation. 
The MIP consists of a C-band Radar Altimeter for continuous measurement of altitude of the probe, a video imaging system for acquiring images of the surface of moon from the descending probe and a mass spectrometer for measuring the constituents of extremely thin lunar atmosphere during its 20-minute descent to the lunar surface. 
The MIP withstood the impact of a hardlanding after it hit the lunar surface. 
From the operational circular orbit of about 100 km height passing over the polar regions of the moon, it is intended to conduct chemical, mineralogical and photo geological mapping of the moon with Chandrayaan-1’s 11 scientific instruments (payloads). 
After the successful release of MIP,the other scientific instruments would be turned on sequentially leading to the normal phase of the two-year mission. 
 
 
 
source:www.indiatimes.com

admission through GATE

STATE WISE INSTITUTES

 

IMAGES OF CHANDRAYAN-1

Photo Gallary of Chandrayaan-1 and PSLV-C11

 

 

Click for full image Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft undergoing pre-launch tests
Click for full image Moon Impact Probe integration with Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft
Click for full image Moon Impact Probe
Click for full image Readying Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft for Thermovac test
Click for full image Fully integrated Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft (left) and loading it to Thermovac Chamber (right)

PSLV-C11 Liftoff

Click for full image PSLV-C11 Liftoff
Click for full image PSLV-C11 Liftoff
Click for full image PSLV-C11 Lift0ff

PSLV-C11 On Launch Pad

Click for full image PSLV-C11 on Launch Pad
Click for full image PSLV-C11 on its way to launchpad
Click for full image PSLV-C11 on its way to launchpad from Vehicle Assembly Building
Click for full image PSLV-C11 comming out from Vehicle Assembly Building
Click for full image PSLV-C11 at Vehicle Assembly Building

PSLV-C11 Third and Fourth Stages

Click for full image Close-up view of PSLV-C11 fourth stage
Click for full image PSLV-C11 Vehicle stacked up to fourth stage
Click for full image Hoisting of third and fourth stages of PSLV-C11

PSLV-C11 Second Stage

Click for full image Hoisting of PSLV-C11 Second Stage
Click for full image PSLV-C11 Second Stage with its VIKAS engine

PSLV-C11 First Stage

Click for full image Loading of PSLV-C11 First Stage Nozzle End Segment
Click for full image PSLV-C11 First Stage Nozzle End Segment on its way to Vehicle Assembly Building
Click for full image Positioning of PSLV-C11 First Stage Nozzle End Segment over launch pedestal

PSLV-C11 Strap-on

Click for full image Unloading a PSLV-C11 strap-on from transporter at Vehicle Assembly Building
Click for full image Fully Assembled First Stage surrounded by strap-ons of PSLV-C11

 

 

 

source: http://www.isro.org

CHANDRAYAN-1 LAUNCHED



BANGALORE, India – Five years after being formally approved and following a series of late delays, India’s first-ever planetary mission is on track to launch the morning of Oct. 22 Local Time, with arrival in lunar orbit scheduled to occur 17 days later.

The Chandrayaan-1 moon mission, featuring Indian, European and U.S. instruments, had been scheduled to launch in April but suffered setbacks including late-arriving payloads and integration issues. But officials with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), who unveiled plans for the orbiter in 2000 with a target launch date of 2008, are confident those issues are behind them.

“The spacecraft reached the launch site Sept. 30 after completing thermal vacuum, vibration and acoustic testing in Bangalore,” ISRO spokesman S. Satish said Oct. 15. Integration with the launcher was completed Oct. 14 and at press time the rocket was slated to be moved to the launch pad Oct. 18, he said.

“The Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft after successfully completing [thermal vacuum], vibration and acoustic tests, has reached the launch site,” ISRO spokesman S. Satish told SPACE.com sister publication Space News Oct. 8. “All the operations are going on satisfactorily.”

If all goes well, Chandrayaan – which means moon vehicle in Hindi – will join two other spacecraft that reached lunar orbit roughly one year ago: Japan’s large Kaguya, or Selene, mission, which launched in September 2007, and China’s Chang’e 1, which launched in October 2007. NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter is slated to launch in February, meaning that four spacecraft, each built by a different country, could be in lunar orbit simultaneously.

Built at a cost to ISRO of some $87 million, the fully fueled Chandrayaan-1 will weigh 2,874 pounds (1,304 kg) when it lifts off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre on Sriharikota Island off India’s east coast. After a countdown lasting 52 hours, the probe will lift off tomorrow at 6:20 a.m. Local Time (Tuesday evening Oct. 21 EDT) aboard a modified version of ISRO’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, or PSLV.

The probe will be India’s first to leave Earth orbit, something that will be accomplished not by a direct transfer typical of lunar missions but rather through a series of Earth orbit-raising maneuvers. In direct transfer missions, a spacecraft is placed into a parking orbit around Earth before on board propulsion systems give it a substantial velocity boost to place it into a lunar transfer orbit with an apogee of 238,550 miles (384,400 km) – roughly the moon’s average distance from the Earth.

“Direct transfer would have required an additional stage to PSLV,” said V. Adimurthy, a scientist at ISRO’s Vikram Space Science Centre, where the rocket was built.

Satish said the PSLV will inject Chandrayaan-1 into an elliptical orbit around the Earth with a perigee of 155 miles (250 km) and an apogee of 14,291 miles (23,000 km). The spacecraft will reach lunar orbit by firing its liquid-fueled apogee motor several times. The first firing will put the spacecraft in a 186- by 22,990-mile (300- by 37,000-km) Earth orbit. Successive firings will raise the apogee to 45,360 miles (73,000 km) and then to the lunar transfer trajectory orbit of 186 by 240,470 miles (300 by 387,000 km).

“It takes about 11 days after launch to establish the lunar transfer trajectory,” Satish said.

Further firings will insert Chandrayaan-1 into a 310- by 3,106-mile (500- by 5,000-km) orbit around the moon. The orbit will then will be lowered to 62 by 3,106 miles (100 by 5,000 km) and finally to the desired 62-mile (100-km) circular orbit, which will take the spacecraft over the Moon’s poles once every 118 minutes.

“If the launch takes place on Oct. 22, the spacecraft is expected to enter the 100-kilometer lunar orbit on Nov. 8,” Satish said.

The Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft itself is relatively small, measuring about 5 feet (1.5 meters) on a side with a dry mass of only 1,153 pounds (523 kg). It carries 11 scientific payloads, including six provided by other nations: two from the United States, and one each from Britain, Sweden, Germany and Bulgaria.

“The real challenge was in accommodating different payloads in specific locations and orientations in a small spacecraft,” Mylswamy Annadurai, Chandrayaan-1 project director, told Space News.

The Indian-built payloads are: the Terrain Mapping Camera; Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument; Hyperspectral Imager; High Energy X-Ray Spectrometer; and the Moon Impact Probe.

The 64-pound (29-kg) impact probe will be released from the orbiter over a selected site once the spacecraft enters its final orbit, Satish said. During its 18-minute descent, the impact probe – with India’s national flag painted on its shell – will take images of the lunar surface. Its impact will kick up a cloud of dust that will be observed and analyzed by the instruments on the orbiter.

Among the international payloads, India collaborated on two: the X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer with Britain’s Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; and the Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyzer with the Swedish Institute of Space Physics. The other international payloads are: a Mini Synthetic Aperture Radar built by the Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physics Laboratory of Laurel, Md.; Moon Mineralogical Mapper supplied by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Brown University; Near Infrared Spectrometer from Germany’s Max Planck Institute; and Radiation Dose Monitor supplied by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.

In addition to mapping lunar surface features and topography, the instrument suite will study the Moon’s elemental and mineralogical composition – in part by measuring reflectance from solar flares that are expected to rise in frequency and intensity over the next few years. “Water-ice, if present, can be detected by several of these instruments,” ISRO said on its Web site.

In response to questions, Narendra Bhandari, who until recently headed ISRO’s planetary exploration division, listed four main Chandrayaan-1 objectives:

  • Study how volatile elements and compounds – possibly including water – get transported to the poles from the hot lunar surface during the day.
  • Produce a digital elevation map with 5-meter resolution both vertically and horizontally. This will enable scientists to select potential sites for a future base.
  • Produce chemical and mineral maps of the moon. The mineral spectrometer will measure signals up to 3 microns in the near-infra red portion of the electromagnetic spectrum – data that has not previously been collected – giving scientists new information about water and possible organic compounds at the poles.
  • Map subsurface features on the Moon using a synthetic aperture radar.

“Simultaneous photo-geological, mineralogical, and chemical mapping will enable us to identify different geological units, which will test the early evolutionary history of the Moon,” Bhandari said.

He added that the simultaneous presence of four Moon probes will enable coordinated study. For example, he said, one mission may benefit from data collected by another; or one probe could observe as another crashes into the surface after completing its mission.

Intel,now on storage devices

 Microprocessor major Intel on Friday evening announced it has started shipping out its fastest solid-state flash drives – the X-25E E
xtreme Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) – targeted at servers, workstations and storage devices. 

Unlike mechanical hard disk drives, the solid-state drives (SSDs) do not contain any moving parts and instead feature 50nm single-level cell (SLC) NAND flash memory technology. They are more expensive, but faster and efficient.

Interestingly, Intel stressed that the systems equipped with these drives typically do not suffer from the performance bottlenecks associated with conventional drives. “By reducing the total infrastructure, cooling and energy costs, SSDs can lower total cost of ownership for enterprise applications by more than five times,” Intel’s statement claimed. The SSD business will obviously pitchfork Intel into direct competition with established HDD-based storage players for businesses like data centres on one hand, and for workstations and devices on the other. 

Given the migration towards ultra-portability in laptops, flash drives are ideally suited to this form factor and is beginning to be preferred over spinning hard drives in some other devices as a more reliable storage solution. However, Intel’s new flash drive comes in a 32GB capacity, and is priced at $695 for customers who buy at least 1,000 pieces, thus making it quite an expensive proposition. 

A 64GB drive is expected to be available in the first quarter of 2009. Intel had earlier announced 80GB and 160GB flash drives for laptop and desktop computers. 

Intel had entered a tie-up with Micron Technology a few months ago to develop NAND flash memory five times faster than the conventional NAND. Taking the initiative further, Intel has also sewn up a deal with Sun Microsystems. 

Sun has committed to deliver a number of storage products using Intel’s SSDs, which it says are designed for computing operations requiring a high rate of input/output operations per second (IOPS), today’s key storage performance metric. These will be pitched to enterprise data centres. Sun has already been working on offering flash drives as an alternative in its servers. 

“Solid-state drive technology will change the economics of enterprise data centers,” said John Fowler, executive vice-president, Systems Group, Sun Microsystems. “SSDs, along with our systems and Solaris ZFS with hybrid storage pools, are important components of the Open Storage initiative. Sun expects to offer enterprise storage solutions that will exploit the breakthrough performance of Intel’s High Performance Solid-State Drives and deliver significant performance gains while consuming a fraction of the energy of traditional spinning disk arrays.” 

Intel claims its X25-E SSD is more efficient and up to 100 times faster over HDDs as measured in IOPS. A storage model which includes SSDs can also lower energy costs by up to five times, an added benefit for businesses focused on electricity savings, the company claims. 

“Hard disk drive performance has not kept pace with Moore’s Law,” said Kirk Skaugen, general manager, Intel Server Platforms group. “Intel’s high-performance SSDs unleash the full performance of the latest Intel Xeon processor-based systems while increasing reliability and lowering the total cost of ownership for a broad range of server and storage workloads.”